Mixing in agitated tanks represents a fundamental part of
the chemical, petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food and
paper industries. This unit operation is commonly carried
out under steady flow conditions with the impeller
centered with respect to the vessel and rotating at constant
speed in one direction only. Mixing has been a popular
subject for the last years. Most studies have been focused
on power consumption, measurements of mixing times
and visualization of flow patterns. A number of techniques
have been developed for visualizing flow patterns in
stirred vessels. Mavros (2001) reviewed the use of very
sophisticated techniques for observing the flow behaviour
in stirred vessels including particles image velocimetry
(PIV), planar laser induced fluorescence (pLIF) and
thermal pulses, among others.
Mixing operations are usually carried out in some
applications at low to moderate Reynolds number, in
which the turbulent regime cannot be achieved. The
presence of important segregated regions and dead zone
generated with open impellers at low Reynolds number
has been extensively reported in the literature (Solomon et
al., 1981; Lamberto et al., 1996). Such pathologies persist
even if baffles and mixed flow impellers are used resulting
in very long mixing times, high energy consumption and
undesirable by-products due to poor reaction selectivity
can be generated. The most common way to vanish and
eliminate these regions consists of increasing the
rotational speed, however, this leads to an energy
consuming process, long mixing times, and in some cases
it may be detrimental to the final product especially when
mixing shear sensitive media.
It has been demonstrated that the flow structures generated
under steady flow conditions can be destroyed if the flow
is continuously perturbed if the impeller is lightly
displaced from tank centreline in the radial direction as
well as by using time-dependent revolutions. The works
reporting the use of spatial and temporal conditions
promoting chaotic flows in stirred vessels are reviewed in
this paper.
STEADY-STATE FLOW
Mixing operations are usually carried out at low to
moderate Reynolds number. The presence of important
segregated regions and dead zone generated with open
impellers at low Reynolds number has been extensively
reported in the literature (Solomon et al., 1981; Lamberto
et al., 1996). Those pathologies persist even if baffles and
mixed flow impellers are used resulting in very long
mixing times, high energy consumption and undesirable
by-products due to poor reaction selectivity can be
generated. The most common way to enhance mixing by
minimizing the effect of such non-homogeneities consists
of using wide impeller or increasing the rotational speed.
However, the latter option leads to high-energy levels and
in some cases it could be detrimental for materials
sensitive to shear.
Solomon et al (1981) reported for the first time the
observations of well-mixed regions around the impellers
surrounded by stagnant fluid, which are known as caverns
in the case of yield stress fluids. Considering a cavern as a
sphere with center on a Rushton turbine they proposed
empirical expressions for determining the geometrical
characteristics of such flow structures. The observations of
these flow structures were later confirmed by Alvarez et al
(2002) and Ascanio et al (2002).
UNSTEADY-STATE FLOW
The most common way to enhance mixing by minimizing
the effect of flow structures such caverns (well-mixed
regions) and isolated regions (static or quasi-static zones)
consists of using wide impellers or by increasing the
rotational speed. However, the latter option leads to highenergy
levels and in some cases it could be detrimental for
materials sensitive to shear. Therefore, other alternatives
based on the theory of chaos principles have been
developed and reported in the literature. They consist
basically on the use of spatial and temporal scenarios as
described below.

Eccentric impellers
Different alternatives based on pioneering studies on
chaotic laminar mixing have been reported in the
literature, in which it was demonstrated that
homogenization could be quickly achieved by using
eccentric cylinders rotating alternatively in both directions
during short times (Ottino et al 1988; Swanson and Ottino
1990; Muzzio et al 1991; Muzzio et al 1992). One of the
main reasons of using eccentric impellers is that they
provide the best mixing action where a vortex is not
required or not desirable.
Alvarez et al (2002) proposed the use of spatial conditions
based on the radial position of the impeller with respect to
the tank centreline. They showed that a minimal radial
displacement of the impeller can enhance the mixing
performance in terms of the mixing times. Similar results
were found by Ascanio et al (2002) by using different one
or two off-centered impellers in the stirred vessel.
Dynamic perturbations
Lamberto et al 1996 proposed the use of time-dependent
stirring speed to destroy the caverns generated under
steady mixing conditions. They demonstrated that the
mixing of Newtonian fluids could be clearly enhanced if
the fluid dynamics was continuously perturbed. This
method was shown to prevent the formation of segregated
regions close to the impeller, confirming the theoretical
results of Aref (1984). Using time-dependent rotation
directions changes conditions, Ascanio et al (2002)
demonstrated that segregated regions can be gradually
vanished and finally destroyed if the flow is continuously
perturbed.
It is clear from the above contributions based on the
fundamental concepts of chaos theory that nonconventional
mixing strategies appear to be promising to
enhance mixing in stirred tanks in laminar regime. During
the symposium a general overview of the works reporting
scenarios based spatial and temporal conditions will be
given for preventing the formation of coherent segregated
regions in the vicinity of the impeller resulting in energyefficient
processes.